Monday, March 26, 2012

RJA 9


Works Cited

 Juengst, Ph.D., Eric T.. "Can Enhancement Be Distinguished from Prevention in Genetic Medicine?." The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 22.2 (1997): 125-142. Oxford Journals. Web. 30 Jan. 2011.  Although an older article, the issues that it addresses are becoming more real than the theoretic approach this author takes.
Emery, Dr. Jon. "The challenge of integrating genetic medicine into primary care." BMJ Journals - Helping doctors make better decisions 322.1027 (2001): n. pag. BMJ. Web. 30 Jan. 2012.  This particular article goes into the issues that might cause transitioning genetics into current medicinal practice; where it is, where it could go, and what might hold it up.
"Pharmacogenomics: Medicine and the New Genetics." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. US Government, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2012. <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/pharma.shtml>.  This resource is a broad one that goes into the various details of current genomic medicine, pharmacogenetics, their history, and future.

Monday, March 12, 2012

RJA 8b

In conducting my field research, I plan on speaking to several people about genetic medicine and the impacts it could have.

1)  A doctor - my girlfriend is an ophthalmic nurse, and the generation of the retina (brain tissue) is at the forefront of genomic research.  Dr. Kimura is the executive president of the practice she works at, and is currently writing a dissertation on genetic medicine.  I plan on having a lunch meeting with Dr. Kimura to discuss further, but I'm waiting to learn when our schedules might mesh.

Questions:
a)  What are some of the advances in the ophthalmic field regarding genetic medicine and genomics?
b)  How can you see genomics changing the face of medicine, from detection and diagnosis to treatment and recovery, or even prevention?
c)  What are some barriers that genetic medicine might face?
d)  What might be some ethical/moral issues that might surface when it comes to research or application of genetic medicine?
e)  Is the idea of individualized medicine that far-fetched?  In our lifetimes?
f)  What sort of big-picture impacts do you see in a society that has a cure for everything?  Overpopulation, depleted resources, etc. come to mind, but I want your take.
g)  There are medicines out there right now that have serious impact -- we know that MAOI inhibitors and SSRI's can create new neural pathways and literlly change the chemistry of our brain -- but are considered by many to be the only cure for severe depression.  How might genetic medicine impact some of these serious side effects?  Could there be new, unconsidered side effects?

2)  A pharmaceutical representative - I have researched several pharmaceutical companies and have a few friends that are in the pharmaceutical sales field... however I'd really like to try and find someone who works in the R&D department at pharmaceutical company.  I'd like to make a visit to the representative's office if at all possible, and if not, conduct a phone interview.

Questions:
a)  What are some pros and cons of genetic medicine?
b)  What sort of comparisons might be made between genetic medicine and current pharmaceuticals?
c)  There are many drugs currently that over time can change the chemistry of the brain, create new neural pathways, etc.; how might genetic medicine impact side effects?  What side effects could occur that we haven't considered in comparison to traditional medicine?
d)  What do you see on the horizon for pharmaceutical companies and products?

RJA 8a


The field of genomics is incredibly interesting.  For hundreds of years, we as a race have been finding ways to react to disease, but here we have the possibility to proactively prevent it by essentially changing our building blocks; our genetic structure.  While practical application on that high a level isn’t in the near future, the fledgling science that is genomics is catching on.  There are already tests that can be conducted via spinal tap that can determine if a fetus has Downs’ Syndrome or Turner’s Syndrome.  Criminal forensics has been using a DNA database to match criminals with DNA found at the scene of a crime, and these matches are within 99.9%.  In addition, the developments of cloned sheep and cloned organs have shown us just how far-reaching this science is.  There has been recent study done on heart-attack patients in conjunction with stem-cell research.  In a small group of 18 patients who had suffered heart attacks; myocardial infarctions typically leave behind irreparable scar tissue.  Cells were drawn from the healthier portions of the patients’ hearts and used to develop new tissue.  This tissue was then implanted into the scarred portions of the heart.  In patients who had this procedure was done, doctors observed a significant improvement; over two years, nearly 70% of the scar tissue had regenerated.  Patients who did not participate saw little to no improvement.  It’s crazy to think that healthy tissue generated by your own body could help essentially rebuild organs.  My grandmother passed away due to complications from cystic fibrosis, which is passed genetically.  It also skips generations, so my cousins and I are at a higher risk for it.  It’s wild to think that people with cystic fibrosis could eventually be able to regrow lung tissue and live a healthy life.

Monday, March 5, 2012

RJA 7b


Link to my Diigo page:  http://www.diigo.com/user/borahardy
First annotated page:  http://diigo.com/0o8hm
Second annotated page: http://diigo.com/0o8jh

RJA 7a



Book 1
Authors, Editors, Translators, and/or compilers:  Peter S. Harper, Author and Editor
Title and Subtitle:  Landmarks in Medical Genetics:  Classic papers with commentaries
Edition number or information:  NA
Number(s) of volume used:  NA
Name of series:  NA
Place of publication:  NA
Name of Publisher:  Oxford University Press
Date of publication (copyright):  2004

Authority
Sir Peter Harper, the editor of this book, has served as Professor of Medical Genetics at University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff.  He helped develop the Wales Medical Genetics Services and is a member of the UK Human Genetics Commission and Advisory Committee on Genetic testing.  Sir Peter was member of Nuffield Council on Bioethics from 2004-2010.  He was knighted in 2004 for his contributions to medicine; he was responsible for developing research in neurogenetics, notably on Huntington’s disease and Myotonic

Timeliness
The book in this conversation was published in 2004.  While this was nearly eight years ago, the fact that diseases such as Huntingtons still don’t have a cure, Sir Peter’s research was ground breaking and remains so to this day.  Even though he has retired from his position at Cardiff, he has continued serving on a variety of boards and commissions and has continued writing articles and books on the subject of medical genetics.

Documentation
This book is actually a collection of papers to provide geneticists and researchers a background on medical genetics.  The collection also includes brief, concise commentary from Sir Peter regarding each paper.  As such, each paper in and of itself is its own source.

Purpose & Audience
This collection of papers is primarily intended for geneticists and researchers in order to provide a detailed timeline of the origination and development of medical genetics; the comments, however, are short and to the point, and easy enough to understand for those not in the field.

Review Process
This book has been critically reviewed by many peers, and is generally considered a good resource for young scientists.

Suitability
While some of the papers are a little over my head, I was able to understand the flow and point of the material fairly well.  The book goes into some of the history of genetic disorders, and the most important field discoveries in the 20th century.  I believe this book will help me develop a great foundation for research on the topic.


Book 2
Authors, Editors, Translators, and/or compilers: Gerard Magill, Ph.D.
Title and Subtitle:  Genetics and ethics:  an interdisciplinary study
Edition number or information:  NA
Number(s) of volume used:  NA
Name of series:  NA
Place of publication:  USA
Name of Publisher:  Saint Louis University Press
Date of publication (copyright):  2004

Authority
The editor of this book, Gereard Magill, Ph.D., is the Executive Director and Department Chair at the Center for Health Care Ethics at Saint Louis University.  He received his Ph.D. from Edinburgh University in 1987, and published many scholarly essays and several books.  As an active member of 14 professional associations, with over $6 million in grants awarded, and over 28 years of teaching in graduate education, Dr. Magill is a well renowned expert in the medical genetics field.

Timeliness
This book was also published in 2004, however a lot of the same questions it asks still present themselves; this book is ahead of its time in the sense that since the eight years it was published have passed, some of the questions it posed have transitioned from theoretical to practical.  Some technological breakthroughs discussed in this book are now a reality.

Documentation
Again, this book is a compilation of essays from various experts in the genetics and medical fields regarding the ethics of genetic medicine.  Each essay is summarized by Dr. Magill, where he provides his take and usually the opposing perspective. 

Review Process
This book and the essays in it have been peer reviewed to exhaustion.  This book is recommended for the non-specialist reader, but also designed for teachers, clinicians, scientists, policymakers, and scholars – that shows the versatility of the book and the expansive knowledge base of the authors and editor.

Suitability
As previously mentioned, this book is intended for anyone and everyone; it contains detailed information for specialists, but with layman explanations for the general public.